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الْبَابُ الْخَامِسُ: فِي عُلُومِ الْمَتْنِ · Book Five: The Sciences of the Matn
الْفَصْلُ الْأَوَّلُ: فِي عُلُومِ الْحَدِيثِ مِنْ حَيْثُ قَائِلُهُ · Chapter One: Classified by Whom It Is Attributed To
الْحَدِيثُ الْقُدْسِيُّ · The Sacred Hadith (Qudsi)
What is attributed to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and which he in turn traces back to his Lord. Also called the divine or lordly hadith.
- [النَّصُّ] الحديث القدسي: هو ما أضيف إلى رسول الله ﷺ وأسنده إلى ربه
الْمَرْفُوعُ · The Elevated (Marfu)
What is attributed to the Prophet ﷺ in particular, of saying, act, tacit approval, or description; connected or not.
- [النَّصُّ] الحديث المرفوع: هو ما أضيف إلى النبي ﷺ خاصة من قول أو فعل أو تقرير أو وصف
الْمَوْقُوفُ · The Stopped (Mawquf)
What is attributed to the Companions and not carried up to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ; it may take the ruling of elevation under certain conditions.
- [النَّصُّ] وهو ما أضيف إلى الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم. ولم يتجاوز به إلى رسول الله ﷺ
If a stopped report is accompanied by signs, in its meaning or its wording, pointing to it actually going back to the Prophet, it takes the ruling of an elevated report and can be used as proof. Itr lists four such signs.
- [مَتَى يَكُونُ فِي حُكْمِ الْمَرْفُوعِ] إذا احتف الحديث الموقوف بقرائن معنوية أو لفظية تدل على رفعه فإنه يكون له حكم المرفوع ويحتج به
- The Companion states something that leaves no room for personal opinion or analogy, such as the appointed times, the quantities the Law fixes, matters of the afterlife, or accounts of earlier nations. Nobody could reach that from reasoning alone.
- [الْعَلَامَةُ الْأُولَى] أن يكون مما لا مجال فيه للرأي والقياس. فإن هذا يحكم برفعه. كالمواقيت، والمقادير الشرعية، وأحوال الآخرة، وقصص الماضين
- A Companion says we used to do such and such, describing standard communal practice, which implies it was done with the Lawgiver's sanction. Example: Jabir's report, we used to practice withdrawal while the Quran was still being revealed.
- [الْعَلَامَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ] لأن الظاهر من مثل قول الصحابي "كنا نفعل كذا ... " أنه يحكي الشرع، حيث إنه كان دأبهم، وهذه عبارة عموم، فتفيد صدور ذلك منهم عن إذن من الشارع
- A Companion opens with wording that implies elevation, such as we were commanded to do such and such, we were forbidden from such and such, or such and such is from the Sunnah. Example: Anas's report, Bilal was commanded to double the call to prayer.
- [الْعَلَامَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ] أن يصدر الصحابي حديثه بما يفيد الرفع كقولهم: أمرنا بكذا، أو نهينا عن كذا، أو من السنة كذا
- A later narrator, when naming the Companion in the chain, adds a note that he elevates it or attributes it, such as saying he raises it or he traces it back.
- [الْعَلَامَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ] أن يذكر في الحديث عند ذكر الصحابي ما يفيد الرفع. نحو قولهم: يرفعه، أو ينميه أو رواية
الْمَقْطُوعُ · The Cut-Off (Maqtu)
What is attributed to a Successor rather than to the Prophet or a Companion; its plural forms are al-maqatiʿ and al-maqatiʿ, spelled المقاطع and المقاطيع, the second with a long i.
- [النَّصُّ] هو: ما أضيف إلى التابعي: ويقال في جمعه: "المقاطع"، و"المقاطيع"
Itr flags this immediately, since the two terms look and sound alike and are an easy mix-up for students: maqtu is not the same category as munqati, the interrupted-chain type discussed later. Maqtu describes who a statement is attributed to; munqati describes a missing link in the chain.
- [الْفَرْقُ عَنِ الْمُنْقَطِعِ] وهذا غير المنقطع الآتي
Like the other three attribution categories before it, qudsi, marfu, and mawquf, a maqtu report itself divides into sahih, hasan, or da'if depending on its own chain's quality; being maqtu is a statement about attribution, not by itself a grade of reliability.
- [الْحُكْمُ] وهذا النوع كسائر الأنواع الثلاثة السابقة ينقسم إلى صحيح وحسن وضعيف
Itr points to the musannaf-genre collections as the main sourcebooks for both mawquf and maqtu reports, chiefly Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani's and Ibn Abi Shayba's, since these gather everything said on a given legal topic by Companions and Successors alike, alongside the athar-based tafsir works such as Ibn Jarir al-Tabari's, for the same reason.
- [مَظَانُّهُ] ومن مصادر الحديث الموقوف والمقطوع المصنفات، لأنها تجمع كل ما ورد في الباب، ومن أهمها: مصنف عبد الرزاق بن همام الصنعاني...ومصنف أبي بكر بن أبي شيبة
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الْفَصْلُ الثَّانِي: فِي عُلُومِ مَتْنِ الْحَدِيثِ مِنْ حَيْثُ دِرَايَتُهُ · Chapter Two: Understanding the Text
غَرِيبُ الْحَدِيثِ · Obscure Wording in the Hadith Text (Gharib al-Hadith)
The unfamiliar words that occur in the texts of hadith and lie beyond ready understanding. Itr treats knowing their meanings as an important science for the hadith scholar, so that he is not merely a pack-beast for reports who does not know what he is transmitting.
- [النَّصُّ] غريب الحديث: هو ما وقع في متون الأحاديث من الألفاظ الغامضة البعيدة عن الفهم
The soundest thing to rely on is finding the word already explained inside another narration of the same hadith; the gathering work of the genre is al-Nihaya of Ibn al-Athir (d. 606H).
- [الْمَنْهَجُ] وأقوى ما يعتمد عليه في تفسير غريب الحديث أن يظفر به مفسرا في بعض روايات الحديث
أَسْبَابُ وُرُودِ الْحَدِيثِ · The Occasions on Which a Hadith Was Said (Asbab Wurud al-Hadith)
Whatever the hadith was spoken about at the time it occurred. Its standing within hadith is what asbab al-nuzul (the occasions of revelation) is to the Qur'an, and it is a strong route into understanding a hadith, since knowing the cause yields knowledge of what it caused.
- [النَّصُّ] وهو ما ورد الحديث متحدثا عنه أيام وقوعه
- [الْمَنْزِلَةُ] ومنزلة هذا الفن من الحديث كمنزلة أسباب النزول من القرآن الكريم
Sometimes the occasion is carried inside the hadith itself; sometimes it is not, and appears only in one of the hadith's other chains, and that is the case that deserves attention.
- [مَظَانُّهُ] وربما لا ينقل السبب في نفس الحديث، وينقل في بعض طرقه، وهو الذي ينبغي الاعتناء به
نَاسِخُ الْحَدِيثِ وَمَنْسُوخُهُ · Abrogating and Abrogated Hadith
Abrogation is the Lawgiver lifting an earlier ruling of his by a later ruling of his; known by explicit statement, by dating, or by a Companion's report.
- [النَّصُّ] النسخ: هو رفع الشارع حكما منه متقدما بحكم منه متأخر
مُخْتَلِفُ الْحَدِيثِ · Contradictory Hadith
Also called mushkil al-hadith: a hadith whose outward sense conflicts with the principles and suggests a false meaning, or conflicts with another legal text.
- [النَّصُّ] وهو ما تعارض ظاهره مع القواعد فأوهم معنى باطلا، أو تعارض مع نص شرعي آخر
مُحْكَمُ الْحَدِيثِ · The Firm Hadith (Muhkam)
The wording the author endorses (al-Hakim (d. 405H)): reports that have nothing standing against them in any respect at all, whatever the source of the opposition; the opposite of mukhtalif al-hadith.
- [النَّصُّ] الأخبار التي لا معارض لها بوجه من الوجوه
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